political organisation of the acholi

Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. 2008. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. Political Organization. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). into the independence era. Organizational Politics. Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. 53- 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Vincent (2012). Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack Arts. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. Identification. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. southern parts of the country. L. No. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati Political Organization. "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. 1679-1914." T(h)uri Kumam Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. ." Girling, F. K. (1960). However, this number is most likely considerably Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . Under Ugandan Pres. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." The main point of contact Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi The n, Mende Politics has been around for millennia. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. million first language speakers at the time. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. (1988). Following the connected and intertwined chiefdoms. [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. Industrial Arts. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. . All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Identification. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Certain rwodi and to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). Conflict. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. - CORE Occasional Paper no. A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. ." Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. Linguistic Affiliation. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . social control in the area. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. families living together in hamlets. London: James Currey. When conflict did Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. 3 vols. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. Movement. the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. and tributes paid to them. . Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. before. Orientation (1955). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Due to its central location and the close PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education.

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