naive scientist vs cognitive miser
Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. /F5 25 0 R Rossi . What are its consequences? >> What is the power of single vivid instances? >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] New York . 27 0 obj According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. ] The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. Before this, human thinking was. /CS /DeviceRGB 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -Tied to these beliefs nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). /Parent 2 0 R >> /Subtype /TrueType Keith Stanovich . others. Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. /Group << << The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. /Resources << -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people /Font << << [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R What is situated social cognition? [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. >> *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o >> That's it. -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. /Resources << -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence /BM /Normal /Workbook /Document (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. /S /Transparency It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. << In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. 25 0 obj << -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue 7 0 obj endobj ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I
@OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /GS8 28 0 R Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /Font << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories /FontDescriptor 364 0 R >> The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . Aug 2016. >> /Subtype /TrueType Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /Group << 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 We have created a browser extension. 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the System 2 may also have no clue to the error. Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. /ExtGState << [9][pageneeded]. Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors /Tabs /S This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. << Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> /F4 24 0 R [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. Contents. It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /F1 21 0 R /GS8 28 0 R if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true /S /Transparency 7,000 & 6,000 \\ /ExtGState << /F3 23 0 R First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. 6,000 & 7,000 \\ In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. 238 0 R 239 0 R] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /Tabs /S endobj [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. What is an attribution? How does a "cognitive miser" reason? /Contents 39 0 R The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /Type /Font -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? /GS8 28 0 R /S /Transparency z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm
YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 3,000 & 10,000 \\ [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? /S /Part Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /Type /Page Gordon . [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. /Endnote /Note endobj [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. /Tabs /S >> << How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? /Lang (en-US) 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /F2 22 0 R When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? endobj What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? >> /F2 22 0 R << This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. What is social contagion? ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. /Parent 2 0 R -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. /Resources << 18 0 obj -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. Pennycook . It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. /Resources << Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. /F1 21 0 R The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. >> /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] << -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser Cookie policy. attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. >> The nave scientist and attribution theory, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 09:14, heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making, JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology, "Likegoeswithlike:theroleofrepresentativenessinerroneousandpseudoscientificbeliefs", "Communicatingscienceinsocialsettings", "3MESSAGESANDHEURISTICS:HOWAUDIENCESFORMATTITUDESABOUTEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES", "Thesocial-cognitivebasesofscientificknowledge", "Bats,balls,andsubstitutionsensitivity:cognitivemisersarenohappyfools", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0004, Heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making. What are its three components of prejudice? Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /Group << /Type /Page 2 0 obj<>stream
-Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. /F3 23 0 R Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. /F2 22 0 R providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 obj /S /Transparency /Font << /Tabs /S >> Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. /Annots [34 0 R] Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. /Contents 37 0 R /Type /Page The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? /Type /Group >> /RoleMap 18 0 R Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /S /Transparency /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] /S /Transparency [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. >> /Font << /F1 21 0 R How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. /Tabs /S -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions Jonathan A. . Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. What does WEIRD refer to? << What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? /ParentTree 19 0 R \end{array} as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? << /GS8 28 0 R Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /Type /Page 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] If not, give a counterexample. [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /GS7 27 0 R % /Font << /Type /Font 3 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. 23417270. free . ]"&4v -Obedience: submission to authority What is obedience? > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) perception of our world. /Contents 44 0 R In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. What is what? based on similarity. /MarkInfo << Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. /F3 23 0 R >> /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') How did Milgram study obedience? /Subtype /TrueType >> Everything you always wanted to know. [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. 28 0 obj 13 0 obj What is the actor-observer bias? I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. What is deindividuation? Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. << /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 2,000 & 11,000 \\ To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. /InlineShape /Sect 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 /Tabs /S if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. >> Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. /CS /DeviceRGB /Group << 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /F6 26 0 R [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /Parent 2 0 R First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. << -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. /Type /Page Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. ]}|Mb7*_JH
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8uhR6. not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. << Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? /CS /DeviceRGB /StructParents 1 /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. 19 0 obj Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. /Group << ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). /Type /Font Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. What is social comparison theory? endobj -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. /Dialogsheet /Part too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist /F3 23 0 R /Type /Group /Parent 2 0 R What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? >> /CS /DeviceRGB . What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? /Type /Group 4,000 & 9,000 \\ "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) /Parent 2 0 R "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. /Resources << What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". << endobj /Type /Group What percentage showed complete compliance? /GS8 28 0 R CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com
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