characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. will supply the domestic market. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. This site contains PDF documents. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. In addition to red meat, there are emerging opportunities in chicken, egg, and dairy production and processing. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Brighter Green, 6. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. Wubne, Mulatu. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. 3. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. Wubne, Mulatu. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. Private . This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. [19][20], Sorghum, millet, and corn are cultivated mostly in warmer areas at lower altitudes along the country's western, southwestern, and eastern peripheries. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. Agriculture. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. Download. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. They are boiled, roasted, or included in a stew-like dish known as wot, which is sometimes a main dish and sometimes a supplementary food. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Contract farming, cluster approach and land consolidation, Horticulture (irrigation and urban farming), Climate resilient sustainable agricultural development. 1401 Constitution Ave NW External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. Productivity and technology. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Section D. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. . [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. <i>Results . 133 8.5.2. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Agriculture in Ethiopia. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. [7], President Mengistu's 1990 decision to allow free movement of goods, to lift price controls, and to provide farmers with security of tenure was designed to reverse the decline in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. The most important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), Pulses, oil seeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. The Blue Nile River. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content.

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