why was henry vii called the winter king

Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. I had an idea Henry VII was a force for stability; in fact he was a terrifying kleptocrat, abusing the law with arbitrary fines and imprisonment, scheming to effectively steal entire estates and wring every penny out of subjects as well as impose political control through financial means. The Great Debasement - Wikipedia This was accomplished through the targeted imposition of fines and bonds through extrajudicial councils. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? 4. [28], Henry had Parliament repeal Titulus Regius, the statute that declared Edward IV's marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. (ROYAL HISTORY) Directors Stuart Elliott Genres Documentary, International Subtitles English [CC] Audio languages English. Unfortunately, since all I really wanted to know about was learning about Henry the 7th and his family as people - the things that happened to them, what kind of people they were, etc. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. The expressive and evocative power of his writing, and the union of scholarship with artistry, are rare in modern historical writing. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. But, his enemies didnt agree. Henry then consolidated his reign with magnificent architecture, an opulent household and money. [8], In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. If Penn's interpretation can sometimes seem slanted, its exposition would be hard to over-praise. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. They were also in charge of various administrative duties, such as the checking of weights and measures. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. He rewrote history by backdating his reign to 21st August 1485, the day before the Battle of Bosworth Field. Since he was the second son, and not expected to become king, we know little of his childhood until the death of his older brother Arthur, Prince of Wales. Today is Shrove Tuesday time for pancakes! [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. This book is a nonfiction look at King Henry the VII. This battle saw the end of the Wars of the Roses which had brought instability to England. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! 'Winter King,' a Portrait of Henry VII - The New York Times On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example)[27] with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne. His bouts of grave illness brought the question repeatedly to the fore. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. BBC Two - Henry VII: The Winter King, Backdating Henry's reign He had enough of that getting himself to the throne. Pembroke Castle, and later the Earldom of Pembroke, were granted to the Yorkist William Herbert, who also assumed the guardianship of Margaret Beaufort and the young Henry. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. Edward, Earl of Warwick, the ten-year-old son of Edward IV's brother George, Duke of Clarence, was the senior surviving male of the House of York. The insurrections fronted by the pretenders Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck emerged from wide and formidable networks of conspiracy that drew in foreign rulers and leading English magnates, and infiltrated Henry's court. It was not until 1506, when he imprisoned Suffolk in the Tower of London, that Henry could at last feel safe. The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. Henry VII declared himself king by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, after slaying Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing at Mill Bay near Dale, Pembrokeshire. Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry VII, was born by Elizabeth of York June 28, 1491 in Greenwich Palace. [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. Read all Directors Giulia Clark Stuart Elliott Writers Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). Henry VIII was spring and Henry VII was winter. To say the least, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England is quite an interesting read. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. [79], Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VII-king-of-England, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Henry VII, English Monarchs - Biography of Henry VII, Henry VII - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry VII - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Get help and learn more about the design. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. "King Henry VII" redirects here. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. I've never read much on the reign of Henry VII - mostly because to really get to grips with his policies, you first have to get to grips with his exhaustively complicated financial policies - but Penn provides a wonderful accessibility through his writing, which provides valuable context to the man who founded England's most famous dynasty. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. What old December's bareness every where! There's a (relatively) brief explanation of Henry's rather tumultuous childhood and his rise to the throne, before Penn really gets into the nitty gritty details during the second half of Henry's reign, focusing on his intricate foreign policy, his increasing use of finance as a means of control over his subjects and, most entertaining to me, the various plots and conspiracies of Henry's enemies. I found this really interesting, but Im a history nut. The wedding was a triumph but in April 1502 a messenger brought the King the news that his eldest son had died of sweating sickness. If you missed the programme then here is the YouTube video for you enjoy! (HIST003) Persecutions, Populations and Politics: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST004) Country, Colonies and Culture: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST006) The Stuart Court: History Politics and Culture, (HIST010) The Tudors: History, Culture and Religion, (HIST011) The English Country House: History, Architecture and Landscape, (HIST018) The Changing English Countryside, 20th Century Musicals: A Celebration of Song and Dance on the Silver Screen and the Stage. [55] Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its land holder, the Pope. [32], Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). For inheriting an unstable throne, holding it for 25 year and leaving England relatively stable, Henry VII deserves his own biography and a lot more credit. this was well-written and i love henry vii for how he managed to a) get the throne of england and b) keep it and make the crown so solvent after the devastating years of the Wars of the Roses, but i can't help but think that a lot of this was rather dry. All the information is from Thomas Penn. Henry was devastated. The whole system was ingeniously designed to ensure the unchallenged supremacy of the king while stamping out any challenges to his authority from the nobles, merchants, and commons. Story's register still exists and, according to the 19th-century historian W.R.W. The union was both symbolic and necessary. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. [66], Henry wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. This book was way too focused on what happened, but not so much on the why or why it was important. [45], Henry VII established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial[46] and customary systems of units. Castles of . Since we are in the middle of winter, Ive been thinking of a volume on my shelves on Henry VII, who could be called the Winter King. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. Catherine's mother Isabella I of Castile had died and Catherine's sister Joanna had succeeded her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty and father of Henry VIII and Ive been doing a bit of digging on this lesser known Tudor. Penn graphically describes a huge financial racket run by the king and his profiteering advisers. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. [50] Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. Henry was a remarkable man. After Wolf Hall, I wanted to find out about Henry VII, the lesser-studied father of Henry VIII, who founded the Tudor Dynasty. It is a sobering reflection for professional historians that the apparently unpromising territory of Henry's reign has recently produced two memorable books, both of them written outside their ranks: this one, and Ann Wroe's biography of the pretender, Perkin (2003), a longer work on a shorter subject. Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. Happy St Davids Day! Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Quite ambitious in nature, Thomas Penn attempts to write a portrait of Henry VII and his reign. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. Henry VII: Winter King - A Review and Rundown - The Anne Boleyn Files Henry VII (28 January 1457 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. He had to pay a 500 fine to save himself, to buy a pardon for the crime. In 1407, Henry IV, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. Hence, the king was plagued with conspiracies until nearly the end of his reign. [75], Henry VII died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 and was buried in the chapel he commissioned in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth. ||sitemap_index.xml [24][17][25] He was 29 years old, she was 20. Corrections? Henry Tudor is a familiar name to students of English history, especially the military side of it. But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. Yorkist malcontents had strength in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard IIIs sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. [44] Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. [18] He was welcomed by the French, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion. Henry IV had confirmed Richard IIs legitimation (1397) of the children of this union but had specifically excluded the Beauforts from any claim to the throne (1407). He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. Some of it is due to his personality--he played his cards close to the vest, unlike his son--and some of it is due to Tudor spin--they were, after all trying to bolster up the royal credentials for a man who didn't have that many. Prince Arthur was born just eight months after his parents marriage, at Winchester, the seat of King Arthurs Camelot. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . Life at court was merry under Henry 8th, a fresh new beginning likened to springtime. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. However, King Henry the VIII was much more self-centered as most of his spending was inappropriate and did not benefit England much. Years of instability, factionalism and his predecessors' penchant for war had seen royal finances severely battered. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. Both were survivors and as united in death as in life, as their tomb in Westminster Abbey illustrates. Claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, the son of Richard IIIs elder brother, George, duke of Clarence, he had the formidable support of John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, Richard IIIs heir designate, of many Irish chieftains, and of 2,000 German mercenaries paid for by Margaret of Burgundy. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard III as a usurper. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. The rebels were defeated (June 1487) in a hard-fought battle at Stoke (East Stoke, near Newark in Nottinghamshire), where the doubtful loyalty of some of the royal troops was reminiscent of Richard IIIs difficulties at Bosworth. [64] This made Henry VII's second son, Henry, Duke of York, heir apparent to the throne. Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. Henry VII: Winter King, BBC Two, review - The Telegraph [21], Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in Nottingham and Leicester. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. February 7 Sir Francis Bryan loses an eye and Henry VIII has a new love, An interview with historical novelist Sandra Byrd, Henry VIII and His Six Wives event open for registration. His account of Henry's government is more contentious than he lets on. An easy read? There's a lot of cloak-and-dagger stuff here, something Henry and certain of his counselors seemed especially skilled at, and it was those parts that I particularly enjoyed. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. [72] Immediately afterwards, Henry became very sick and nearly died himself, allowing only his mother Margaret Beaufort near him: "privily departed to a solitary place, and would that no man should resort unto him. The author does a good job drawing on his sources and bringing the characters to life while staying true to the history, but the subject matter is just not inherently as sexy as Henry VIIIs or Elizabeth Is reigns. [70] Henry VII falls among the minority of British monarchs that never had any known mistresses, and for the times, it is very unusual that he did not remarry: his son Henry was the only male heir left after the death of his wife, thus the death of Arthur created a precarious political position for the House of Tudor. My obsession is European history from the 12th through 17th centuries - especially British history - so of course, when I was offered the chance to review this book, my interest was piqued immediately. This approach raised puzzling questions about similarities and differences in the development of national states. The usurpation of Richard III (1483), however, split the Yorkist party and gave Henry his opportunity. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 11 February 1503) was Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death. [citation needed] [30] Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. Henry then cemented his claim to the throne and his dynastic ambitions by marrying Elizabeth of York and bringing the Houses of Lancaster and York together; the red rose and white rose combined to become the Tudor rose. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . Up to a point, he succeeded. Possession of something the French King wanted also made the Duke of Brittany safer in his own duchy. Henry, son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort, was born nearly three months after his fathers death. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. [54], Henry VII was much enriched by trading alum, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a chemical fixative for dyeing fabrics. The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. The 6 Main Achievements of Henry VII | History Hit Who could have expected that he would rule for 24 years, die in his bed, bequeath the first orderly succession to the throne for nearly a century, and found a famous dynasty? They did as much to endanger his throne as to secure it. Alternate titles: Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, Professor of Medieval History, University of Liverpool, 196780. Next month find out more on someone known as The Winter Queen! Penn's picture of a reign of terror carries disturbing echoes of the Roman historian Tacitus's account of the emperor Tiberius, another ruler whose abridgements of liberty followed an era of civil strife. Stephens, "affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king". Why was Henry VII called the "Winter King"? - Quora Anne Boleyn | Biography, Children, Portrait, Death, & Facts - Britannica He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. Author Thomas Penn takes an extraordinary journey into the dark and chilling world of the first Tudor King, Henry VII. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever and the world's oldest surviving dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. If he trusted anyone, it would be his queen and why not, since both had so much in common both being familiar with being in sanctuary, and pawns in the game of power? [citation needed], Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. [12], Henry lived in the Herbert household until 1469, when Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the "Kingmaker"), went over to the Lancastrians. [11] When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . The house of York then appeared so firmly established that Henry seemed likely to remain in exile for the rest of his life. Having seen it pop up in a lot of papers' Books of the Year lists, I think I was expecting something altogether more gripping and dramatic, but in the end I thought the story of Henry VII and the Tudor succession was just not an especially thrilling tale. With the assistance of the Italian merchant banker Lodovico della Fava and the Italian banker Girolamo Frescobaldi, Henry VII became deeply involved in the trade by licensing ships, obtaining alum from the Ottoman Empire, and selling it to the Low Countries and in England. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. Elizabeth married Henry after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the Wars of the Roses. He likens the beginning of Henry VIII's reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. However, with the help of the forces of his step-father, Lord Stanley, he defeated Richard and Richard was killed on the battlefield. Omissions? In 1622 Francis Bacon published his History of the Reign of King Henry VII. 1845. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. These laws were used shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived as threats. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. Penn went on to show Henry VIIs wax funeral effigy, which I saw on my recent trip to London, and which shows his fine-boned features and his crooked eye, but also a face bearing the signs of stress and illness. His father, Henry VII, was a cold, calculating man (he wasn't called "the Winter King" for nothing), a greedy monarch who during his last years on the throne had squeezed every last drop. [31] Despite such precautions, Henry faced several rebellions over the next twelve years. Not only was . Henry marries Catherine of Aragon. Thomas Penn's Winter King is not really a biography of Henry VII, and more a study of what he was directing his government to do in his name. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. On one side of the coin, instead of a profile of his face, there was a full length depiction of Henry sat on his throne with his crown and sceptre. Many influential Yorkists had been dispossessed and disappointed by the change of regime, and there had been so many reversals of fortune within living memory that the decision of Bosworth did not appear necessarily final. Backdating Henry's Reign. [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth.

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