friedrich nietzsche philosophie

The term’s appearance in Nietzsche’s corpus is limited primarily to Thus Spoke Zarathustra and works directly related to this text. This study is representative of the trend in American scholarship emphasizing those parts of Nietzsche’s thought apparently commensurate with pragmatic and neo-Kantian concerns. Despite these similarities, Nietzsche’s philosophical break with Schopenhauerian pessimism was as real as his break with Wagner’s domineering presence was painful. German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche is known for his writings on good and evil, the end of religion in modern society and the concept of a "super-man." He is considered an important forerunner of Existentialism movement (although he does not fall neatly into any particular school), and his work has generated an extensive secondary literature within both the Continental Philosophy and Analytic Philosophy traditions of the 20th Century. Friedrich Nietzsche was a German philosopher born in 1844 in Röcken, in what was then Prussia.His father, a Lutheran pastor, died when Nietzsche was five years old. Zarathustra answers: Listen to my teaching, you wisest men! Commentators will differ on the question of whether nihilism for Nietzsche refers specifically to a state of affairs characterizing specific historical moments, in which inherited values have been exposed as superstition and have thus become outdated, or whether Nietzsche means something more than this. Is not living—estimating, preferring, being unjust, being limited, wanting to be different? The variation and formal emergence of each of these states must, according to Nietzsche, be understood as a possibility only within a presumed sphere of associated events. Hitler later attended Elisabeth’s funeral as Chancellor of Germany. How, and for how long, did the values here serve the living? However difficult it might be to see the philosophical relevance of various biographical curiosities, such as Nietzsche’s psychological development as a child without a living father, his fascination and then fallout with Wagner, his professional ostracism, his thwarted love life, the excruciating physical ailments that tormented him, and so on, it would also seem capricious and otherwise inconsistent with Nietzsche’s work to radically severe his thought from these and other biographical details, and persuasive interpretations have argued that such experiences, and Nietzsche’s well-considered views of them, are inseparable from the multiple trajectories of his intellectual work. In this reading, the history of truth in the occidental world is the  “history of an error” (Twilight of the Idols), harboring profoundly disruptive antinomies which lead, ultimately, to the undoing of the Western philosophical framework. U. S. A. Nietzsche’s Major Works Available in English, Important Works Available in English from Nietzsche’s Nachlass, This “critical student edition” of collected works, commonly referenced as the KSA, contains Nietzsche’s major writings and most of the well-known essays and aphorisms found in his journals. He became acquainted with the prominent cultural historian, Jacob Burkhardt, a well-established member of the university faculty. During the 1930s, in the midst of intense activity by National Socialist academic propagandists such as Alfred Bäumler, even typically insightful thinkers such as Emmanuel Levinas confused the public image of Nietzsche for the philosopher’s stated beliefs. Even here, moreover, the Übermensch is only briefly and very early announced in the narrative, albeit with a tremendous amount of fanfare, before fading from explicit consideration. The following list is by no means comprehensive, nor does it purport to represent all of the major themes prevalent in Nietzsche scholarship today. By the early 1890s, Elisabeth had seized control of Nietzsche’s literary remains, which included a vast amount of unpublished writings. Such hostilities are born out of ressentiment and inherited from Judeo-Christian moral value systems. After publication of Birth of Tragedy, and despite its perceived success in Wagnerian circles for trumpeting the master’s vision for Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft (“The Art Work of the Future”) Nietzsche’s academic reputation as a philologist was effectively destroyed due in large part to the work’s apparent disregard for scholarly expectations characteristic of nineteenth-century philology. The following list is by no means exhaustive. In his philosophical autobiography, Ecce Homo, Nietzsche grounds eternal recurrence in his own experiences by relating an anecdote regarding, supposedly, its first appearance to him in thought. Volume one of this work and the two distinct parts of volume two, “Assorted Maxims and Aphorisms” and “The Wanderer and His Shadow,” are available separately in other editions. Nietzsche’s name for this great and terrible event, capturing popular imagination with horror and disgust, is the “death of God.” Nietzsche acknowledges that a widespread understanding of this event, the “great noon” at which all “shadows of God” will be washed out, is still to come. Such commentators will maintain that Nietzsche either in no way intends to construct a new meta-theory, or if he does then such intentions are mistaken and in conflict with his more prescient insights. But, concerning these sorts of activities, Nietzsche stresses in Beyond Good and Evil (aphorism 9) the difference between his own cosmology, which at times seems to re-establish the place of nobility in nature, and the “stoic” view, which asserts the oneness of humanity with divine nature: “According to nature” you want to live? Instead, he choose the more humanistic study of classical languages and a career in Philology. Such values are threatening, then, to bring about the destruction of their own foundations. Where is the proof of necessity here? The work to overcome pessimism is tragic in a two-fold sense: it maintains a feeling for the absence of ground, while responding to this absence with the creation of something meaningful. And you yourselves are also this will to power—and nothing besides! In 1887 he writes On the Genealogy of Morality. Within the two-fold limit of this horizon, disturbances emerge from their opposites, but one cannot evaluate them, absolutely, because judgment implicates participation in will to power, in the ebb and flow of events constituting time. Nevertheless, the question remains open whether Nietzsche does not already leave the metaphysical dimensions of any problems essentially and intentionally behind in his conception of the cosmos. Near the beginning of the aphorisms collected under the title, Will To Power (aphorism 2), we find this note from 1887: “What does nihilism mean? Nevertheless, from time to time the values we inherit are deemed no longer suitable and the continued enforcement of them no longer stands in the service of life. What, then, is “the basic element”, dispersed in morals and knowledge? Such pressures continued to bridle Nietzsche throughout the so-called early period. Friedrich Nietzsche, Rolf-Peter Horstmann, Judith Norman (2002). Such institutions thereby promoted the elevation of human exemplars. And is now known as one of the most important thinkers of modern times. Assessments of this nature are rather narrow and do Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, tr. His attempts to unmask the motives that underlie traditional Western religion , morality, and philosophy deeply affected generations of theologians, philosophers, psychologists, poets, novelists, and … Existentialism, postmodernism, and poststructuralism have all been touched by Nietzsche’s work. Nietzsche’s writings during this time reflect interests in philology, cultural criticism, and aesthetics. As early as 1873, Nietzsche was arguing that human reason is only one of many peculiar developments in the ebb and flow of time, and when there are no more rational animals nothing of absolute value will have transpired (“On truth and lies in a non-moral sense”). When young Friedrich was not quite five, his father died of a brain hemorrhage, leaving Franziska, Friedrich, a three-year old daughter, Elisabeth, and an infant son. Friedrich Nietzsche Philosopher Specialty Western tradition Born Oct. 15, 1844 Röcken-bei-Lützen, Kingdom of Prussia Died August 25, 1900 (at age 55) Weimar, Saxony, German Empire Nationality German Friedrich Nietzsche is commonly thought of in terms of a misanthrope who seemingly saw nothing of value in humanity. The historical situation that conditions Nietzsche’s will to power involves not only the death of God and the reappearance of pessimism, but also the nineteenth century’s increased historical awareness, and with it the return of the ancient philosophical problem of emergence. At this point, Zarathustra passes on a secret told to him by life itself: “behold [life says], I am that which must overcome itself again and again…And you too, enlightened man, are only a path and a footstep of my will: truly, my will to power walks with the feet of your will to truth.” We see here that a principle, will to power, is embodied by the human being’s will to truth, and we may imagine it taking other forms as well. This translation of his collection of lectures and essays originally published in 1982 portrays Nietzsche being primarily interested in science, albeit taken off course for a time by Wagner and their shared interest in Schopenhauer. At this point in his life, however, Nietzsche was a far cry from the original thinker he would later become, since neither he nor his work had matured. This image of Nietzsche was corrected, somewhat, by Danto’s Nietzsche as Philosopher, which attempted to cast Nietzsche as a forerunner to analytic philosophy, although doubts about Nietzsche’s suitability for this role surely remain even today. Here was evidence, Nietzsche believed, that humanity could face the dreadful truth of existence without becoming paralyzed. Beginning in 1979, Heidegger’s Nietzsche lectures at Freiberg became available to English readers in piecemeal fashion, along with other materials in a somewhat confusing manner, in a two edition, four-volume, set. And if you gaze for long into an abyss, the abyss gazes also into you.” – Friedrich Nietzsche. Given that no absolute values exist, in Nietzsche’s worldview, the evolution of values on earth must be measured by some other means. He often spent summers in the Swiss Alps in Sils Maria, near St. Moritz, and winters in Genoa, Nice, or Rappollo on the Mediterranean coast. Although Nietzsche appears to reject the concept of being as an “empty fiction” (claiming, in Twilight of the Idols, to concur with Heraclitus in this regard), Heidegger nevertheless reads in Nietzsche’s Platonic inversion the most insidious form of the metaphysics of presence, in which the destruction and re-establishment of value is taken to be the only possible occasion for philosophical labor whereby the very question of being is completely obliterated. Friedrich Nietzsche - Friedrich Nietzsche - Nietzsche’s mature philosophy: Nietzsche’s writings fall into three well-defined periods. Emphasis is laid on the one who faces the problem of nihilism. Of more importance to Nietzsche is that which pertains solely to the human being’s marshalling of forces but, even here (or perhaps especially here), a hierarchy of differences may be discerned. "If my life were to recur, then it could recur only in identical fashion." With the fulfillment of “European nihilism” (which is no doubt, for Nietzsche, endemic throughout the Western world and anyplace touched by “modernity”), and the death of otherworldly hopes for redemption, Nietzsche imagines two possible responses:  the easy response, the way of the “herd” and “the last man,” or the difficult response, the way of the “exception,” and the Übermensch. Coldly it lies; and this lie slips from … However, the plausibility of this reading has come into question almost from the moment the full extent of it was made known in the 1950s and 60s. For Löwith’s Nietzsche, nihilism is more than an historical moment giving rise to a crisis of confidence or faith. Friedrich Nietzsche - Friedrich Nietzsche - Nietzsche’s influence: Nietzsche once wrote that some men are born posthumously, and that is certainly true in his case. As a philosopher, poet, cultural critic, philologist, and composer, Nietzsche wrote a swathe of brilliant works touching on religion, philosophy, morality, and language, written with an aphoristic, ironic and metaphorical lyricism. Within this diminution of thought, the Nietzschean “Superman” emerges supremely powerful and triumphant, taking dominion over the earth and all of its beings, measured only by the mundane search for advantages in the ubiquitous struggle for preservation and enhancement. Finally, much work continues to be done on Nietzsche in the history of ideas, regarding, for example, Nietzsche’s philology, his intellectual encounters with nineteenth-century science; the neo-Kantians; the pre-Socratics (or “pre-Platonics,” as he called them); the work of his friend, Paul Rée; their shared affinity for the wit and style of La Rochefoucauld; historical affinities and influences such as those pertaining to Hölderlin, Goethe, Emerson, and Lange, detailed studies of what Nietzsche was reading and when he was reading it, and a host of other themes. What would we lose by accepting the doctrine of this teaching? Unfortunately, Friedrich experienced little of his fame, having never recovered from the breakdown of late 1888 and early 1889. Zimmerman delivers a useful text for understanding this key conduit of Nietzsche reception. He died in 1900 at the age of 56 insane and infected with syphilis. On the other hand, whatever stands is immeasurable, by virtue of the whole, the logic of which would determine this moment to have occurred in the never-ending flux of creation and destruction. In Nietzsche’s Nachlass, we discover attempts to work out rational proofs supporting the theory, but they seem to present no serious challenge to a linear conception of time. How would the logic of this new temporal model alter our experiences of factual life? Nietzsche’s political sympathies have been called “aristocratic,” which is accurate enough only if one does not confuse the term with European royalty, landed gentry, old money or the like and if one keeps in mind the original Greek meaning of the term, “aristos,” which meant “the good man, the man with power.” A certain ambiguity exists, for Nietzsche, in the term “good man.” On the one hand, the modern, egalitarian “good man,” the “last man,” expresses hostility for those types willing to impose measures of rank and who would dare to want greatness and to strive for it. Upon its arrival in Bayreuth, the text ended this personal relationship with Wagner. Preface by Gianni Vattimo, Rowman & Littlefield, London – New York, 2016, This page was last edited on 30 December 2020, at 06:07. He was widely known for his ideas and concepts like death of God, perspectivism, the … The “Greeks” are one of Nietzsche’s best exemplars of hope against a meaningless existence, hence his emphasis on the Greek world’s response to the “wisdom of Silenus” in Birth of Tragedy. Within nature, one might say, energy disperses and accumulates in various force-points: nature’s power to create these force-points is radically indifferent, and this indifference towards what has been created also characterizes its power. French readers such as Bataille, Deleuze, Klossowski, Foucault, and Derrida assert the relevance of various biographical details to specific movements within Nietzsche’s writings.

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